Explain the meaning of Kernal.
Answer
The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the
core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system.
As a basic component of an operating system, a kernel provides the lowest-level
abstraction layer for the resources.
The kernel's primary purpose is to manage the computer's resources and allow
other programs to run and use the resources like the CPU, memory and the I/O
devices in the computer.
The facilities provides by the kernel are :
-
Memory management
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and must allow processes to
access safely this memory as they require it.
-
Device management
To perform useful functions, processes need access to the peripherals connected
to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel through device drivers
-
System calls
To actually perform useful work, a process must be able to access the services
provided by the kernel.
Types of Kernel:
-
Monolithic kernels
Every part which is to be accessed by most programs which cannot be put in a
library is in the kernel space:
Device drivers
Scheduler
Memory handling
File systems
Network stacks
-
Microkernls
In Microkernels, parts which really require to be in a privileged mode are in
kernel space:
-Inter-Process Communication,
-Basic scheduling
-Basic memory handling
-Basic I/O primitives
Due to this, some critical parts like below run in user space:
-
The complete scheduler
-
Memory handling
-
File systems
-
Network stacks
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