ANSWER: Both of the above
Explanation:
Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), US scientists have created world’s first stable semi-synthetic organism.
This is a single-celled bacterium with an expanded genetic code
The semi-synthetic organism is the modified E.coli bacteria created by introducing DNA molecules.
These are not found in nature in a common bacterium.
Life’s natural genetic code only contains four natural bases- adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T).
These bases pair forms two base pairs in the DNA ladder.
The newly created bacterium has two human-created X and Y bases that grow and divide, much like the four natural bases.
This single-celled organism can attach to the synthetic base pair as it divides.
The human-created X and Y base pair was dropped over time in the bacterium that limited the ways the it can use the additional information possessed in their DNA.
For this, researchers had optimised a tool called a nucleotide transporter.
This brings the materials necessary for the unnatural base pair to be copied across the cell membrane.
They discovered that modification to the transporter, made it much easier for the organism to grow and divide.
This is while holding on to X and Y.
Researchers used gene editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 to design the synthetic organism to see a genetic sequence without X and Y as a foreign invader.
Organisms with wholly unnatural attributes and traits that are not found elsewhere in nature can be created.
In future, it can help in creation of microbes capable of manufacturing entirely new proteins.
This is an innovation which can provide leads to new medicines and nanotechnology breakthroughs.
