ANSWER: All of the above
Explanation:
In higher education, various schemes ,namely, Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), Global Initiative for Academics Network (GIAN), Impacting Research, Innovation & Technology (IMPRINT), Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme(TEQIP), Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT), Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM), National Digital Library, campus connect programme, Uchhatar Avishkar Abhiyan, Unnat Bharat Abhiyan are being implemented to improve the quality of higher education.
To promote objective assessment of performance annually, Government has launched the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in September 2015.
A number of initiatives are also undertaken by UGC and AICTE for quality improvement in higher and technical education.
